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== 语法
==
== 语法 ==
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=== for
===
=== for ===
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}}}
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{{{
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=== pass
===
=== pass ===
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=== in
===
=== in ===
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}}}
 

=== Lambda函数
===
}}}
 

=== Lambda函数 ===
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}}}

 

=== List的函数
===
}}}

 

=== List的函数 ===
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pop([i]) 返回并删除位置为i的元素,i未给定时默认作用在最后一个元素.[i]表示i

为可选的
pop([i]) 返回并删除位置为i的元素,i未给定时默认作用在最后一个元素.[i]表示i为可选的
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`reduce(function,sequence,[init])
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返回一个单值为,计算步骤为
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`reduce(function,sequence,[init]) `
返回一个单值为,计算步骤为 :
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`function(init,sequence[0])
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      === 链表推导式
===
{{{#!python
=== 链表推导式 ===
{{{
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=== del
===
}}}

 

=== del ===
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=== 元组
===
{{{#!python
=== 元组 ===
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 {{{#!python
 
}}}
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}}}
 

=== reversed反向循环
===
}}}
 

=== reversed反向循环 ===
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=== sorted排序
===
 

 

=== sequence比大小
===
=== sorted排序 ===
 

 

=== sequence比大小 ===
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=== 导入模块
===
=== 导入模块 ===
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}}}
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}}}
甚至可以`form fibo import *
`


可以



form 包.子包.模块 imort 函数

}}}

甚至可以`form fibo import * `


可以 `form 包.子包.模块 imort 函数 `
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----------------------------------------------------------

=== 包
 ===
=== 包 ===
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`form 包 import 模块
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`form 包 import 模块`
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`__all__=["echo","surround","reverse"]
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`form 包.子包 imort 模块
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`form 包.子包 imort 模块`
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`imort 模块
`



 


=== 格式化输出
===
`imort 模块`


=== 格式化输出 ===
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=== 等效代码
===
 
=== 等效代码 ===
 
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----------------------------------------------------------

 

读写文件:


   === 读写文件: ===

Python 绝对简明手册 -- zsp007@gmail.com ::-- ZoomQuiet [DateTime(2006-09-15T04:35:33Z)] TableOfContents

Include(CPUGnav)

1. Py2.5 绝对简明手册

简述

[http://groups.google.com/group/python-cn/browse_thread/thread/8322e786aa364789/2116205595a4a493#2116205595a4a493 zuroc主动在列表中分享]

PYthon绝对简明手册,初学必备!

  • -- For Python2.5

版本:0.1 beta

作者:张沈鹏

参考:python2.5中文教程 

Http://blog.csdn.net/zuroc

1.1. 语法

1.1.1. if

Toggle line numbers
   1 x=int(raw_input("Please enter an integer:")) 
   2 if x<0: 
   3     print 'Negative Number' 
   4 elif x==0: 
   5     print 'Zero' 
   6 else: 
   7     print 'Positive Number' 

1.1.2. for

Toggle line numbers
   1 a=['cat','door,'example'] 
   2 for x in a: 
   3     print x 

#如果要修改a的内容,则用a的副本循环,如:

for x in a[:] : 
    ..................... 

Toggle line numbers
   1 >>>range(10,0,-3) 
   2 [10,7,4,1] 
   3 a=['cat','door,'example'] 
   4 for i in range(len(a)): 
   5     print i,a[i] 

break,continue 用法和C++中类似

1.1.3. pass

while True: 
    pass #忽略,什么也不做 

Toggle line numbers
   1 def fib(n=1000):#参数可以有默认值,多个可选参数赋值可以直接写"参数变量名=值"来快速赋值 
   2     """这里给函数写文档注释""" 
   3     a,b=0,1 
   4     while b<n: 
   5        print b 
   6        a,b=b,a+b 

#函数可以重命名,如

Toggle line numbers
   1 f=fib 
   2 f(223) 

1.1.4. in

  • Toggle line numbers
       1 if 'yes' in  ('y','ye','yes'):print  'ok' 
    

1.1.5. 参数格式 **para

#参数格式为 **para 表示接受一个字典,为 *para 表示接受一个元组

Toggle line numbers
   1 def test(para1,*args,**dic): 
   2     print para1 
   3     for arg in args : print arg 
   4     keys=dic.keys() 
   5     keys.sort() 
   6     for key in keys:print key ,':',dic[key] 

1.1.6. Lambda函数

  • Toggle line numbers
       1 def make_incrementor(n): 
       2     return lambda x: x+n 
       3 f=make_incrementor(n) 
       4 >>>f(0) 
       5 42 
       6 >>>f(1) 
       7 43 
    

1.1.7. List的函数

append(x)    追加到链尾 
extend(L)    追加一个链表 
insert(i,x)   在位置i插入x 
remove(x)   删除第一个值为x的元素,如果不存在会抛出异常 
pop([i])   返回并删除位置为i的元素,i未给定时默认作用在最后一个元素.[i]表示i为可选的 
index(x)    返回第一个值为x的元素,不存在则抛出异常 
count(x)   返回x出现的次数 
sort()   排序 
reverse()   翻转,反转 

filter(function函数 , sequence序列)  返回sequence中使filer为true的

map(function,sequence,[sequence...])  返回新的sequence,序列中值为对每个元素分别调用function.

reduce(function,sequence,[init])  返回一个单值为,计算步骤为 :

  • 第1个结果=function(sequence[0],sequence[1])
  • 第2个结果=function(第1个结果,sequence[2])
  • 返回最后一个计算得值
  • 如果有init,则先调用

function(init,sequence[0])  sequence只有一个元素时,返回该元素,为空时抛出异常.

1.1.8. 链表推导式

freshfruit=['  banana  ','   loganberry  '] 
>>>[weapon.strip() for weapon in freshfruit] 
['banana','loganberry'] 
vec=[2,4,6] 
>>>[3*x for x in vec if x>3] 
[12,18] 
>>>[(x,x**2) for x in vec]    #一个元素一定要是一个sequence,而
[x,x**2 for x in vec]是错误的 
[(2,4),(4,16),(6,36)] 
vec2=[4,3,-9] 
[x*y for x in vec for y in vec2] 
[vec[i]+vec2[i] for i in range(len(vec))] 
[str(round(355/113.0,i)) for i in range(1,6)] #str()是转换类型为可以打印的字符

1.1.9. del

Toggle line numbers
   1 a=[1,2,3,4,5,6] 
   2 del a[0] 
   3 >>>a 
   4 [2,3,4,5,6] 
   5 del a[2:4] 
   6 >>>a 
   7 [2,3,6] 
   8 del a[:] 
   9 >>>a 
  10 [] 
  11 del a 
  12 >>>a 

抛出异常

1.1.10. 元组

t=1234,5567,'hello' 
x,y,z=t    #拆分操作可以应用于所有sequence 
>>>x 
1234 
u=t,(1,2,3) 
>>>u 
((1234,5567,'hello'),(1,2,3)) 
empty=() #空元组 
singleton='hi', #单个元素的元组 

1.1.11. set

set(集合):无序不重复的元素集

Toggle line numbers
   1 basket = ['apple','orange','apple','pear','apple','banana'] 
   2 fruit=set(basket) 
   3 >>>fruit 
   4 set(['orange', 'pear', 'apple', 'banana']) 
   5 >>>'orange' in fruit 
   6 True 
   7 a=set('abracadabew') 
   8 >>>a 
   9 set(['a', 'c', 'b', 'e', 'd', 'r', 'w']) 
  10 b=set('wajgwaoihwb') 
  11 >>> b 
  12 set(['a', 'b', 'g', 'i', 'h', 'j', 'o', 'w']) 
  13 >>> a-b    #差 
  14 set(['c', 'r', 'e', 'd']) 
  15 >>> a|b   #并 
  16 set(['a', 'c', 'b', 'e', 'd', 'g', 'i', 'h', 'j', 'o', 'r', 'w']) 
  17 >>> a&b   #交 
  18 set(['a', 'b', 'w']) 
  19 >>>a^b   #(并-交) 
  20 set(['c', 'e', 'd', 'g', 'i', 'h', 'j', 'o', 'r']) 

=== dict ===

字典:关键字为不可变类型,如字符串,整数,只包含不可变对象的元组.链表等不可以作为关键字.如果链表中存在关键字对,可以用dict()直接构造字典.而这样的链表对通常是由链表推导式生成的.

Toggle line numbers
   1 tel={'jack':4098,'sape':4139} 
   2 tel['guido']=4127 
   3 >>> tel 
   4 {'sape': 4139, 'jack': 4098, 'guido': 4127} 
   5 >>>tel['jack'] 
   6 4098 
   7 del tel['sape'] 
   8 >>>tel.keys() 
   9 ['jack', 'guido'] 
  10 >>>tel.has_key('jack') 
  11 True 
  12 knight=['gallahad':'the pure','robin':'the brave'] 
  13 for k,v in knight.iteritems(): 
  14     print k,v 

输出:

Toggle line numbers
   1 gallahad the pure 
   2 robin the brave 

enumerate()返回索引位置和对应的值

Toggle line numbers
   1 for i,v in enumerate(['tic','tac','toe']) 
   2     print i,v 

输出: 0 tic

1 tac

2 toe

1.1.12. zip

zip用于多个sequence的循环

Toggle line numbers
   1 questions=['name','quest','favorite color'] 
   2 answers=['lancelot','the holy grail','blue'] 
   3 for q,a in zip(questions,answers): 
   4     print 'What is your %s ? It is %s.'%(q,a) 

输出:

Toggle line numbers
   1 What is your name ? It is lancelot. 
   2 What is your quest ? It is the holy grail. 
   3 What is your favorite color ? It is blue. 

1.1.13. reversed反向循环

Toggle line numbers
   1 for i in reversed(range(1,4)): 
   2     print i 

输出:

3

2

1

1.1.14. sorted排序

1.1.15. sequence比大小

list<string<tuple(因为字母表中l在s前...)

同类比大小按照字典序

1.1.16. 导入模块

模块的查找路径

1.当前的目录

2.环境变量PYTHONPATH所指的目录列表

3.环境变量PATH表示的目录

4.python解释器的安装目录

如将代码保存上述的一个目录中的的fibo.py文件中,便可以

Toggle line numbers
   1 import fibo 
   2 fibo.function()............. 

如果想直接使用fibo.function可以重命名这个函数,如

Toggle line numbers
   1 f=fibo.function 
   2 f() 

也可以

Toggle line numbers
   1 form fibo import function 
   2 function() 

甚至可以form fibo import * 

可以 form 包.子包.模块 imort 函数 

然后就直接使用该函数,不需要加前缀

1.1.17. 包

引用推荐写法为

form 包 import 模块

几个功能类似的模块可以组合成一个包,

比如一个可以处理.wav,.mp3,.wma等音频文件的有类似如下结构:

Sound/
        __init__.py
        Formats/
                __init__.py
                wavread.py
                wavwrite.py
                mp3read.py
                mp3write.py
                wmaread.py
                wmawrite.py
        Effects/
                __init__.py
                echo.py
                surround.py
                reverse.py

只有当init.py存在时python才将该文件夹视为一个包,该文件可以为空文件 一般在init.py文件中定义一个all链表,包含要import *时要导入的模块. 如Sound/Effects/init.py可以有如下内容

__all__=["echo","surround","reverse"]

包的作者在发布包时可以更新这个列表,也可以根据需要让某个模块不支持import *

对于包中同一个文件夹下的模块可以把

form 包.子包 imort 模块

简写为 imort 模块

1.1.18. 格式化输出

for x in xrange(1,11): 
    print repr(x).rjust(2),repr(x*x).rjust(3) 
    #repr是将变量类型转换为可以被编译器处理的文字格式 
    #rjust是调整宽度为参数个字符,r表示右对齐;ljust为左对齐,ljust(n)[:n]可
以截断输出;center为居中 
    #zfill()可以向数值表达式的左侧填充0 

1.1.19. 等效代码

for x in xrange(1,11): 
    print '%2d %3d' % (x,x*x) 
#%2d和%3d之间要有空格,d表示为整数 
#%10s 表示用str转化为字符串 
#小数输出如   %5.3f 

对于字典可以用变量名来直接格式化,如:

>>>table={'Sjoerd':4127,'Jack':4098,'Dcab':8637678} 
>>>print 'Jack:%(Jack)d; Sjoerd:%(Sjoerd)d; Dcab:%(Dcab)d' % 
table 
Jack:4098; Sjoerd:4127; Dcab:8637678 

同时,函数vars()返回包含所有变量的字典,配合使用,无坚不摧!

1.1.20. 读写文件:

f=open('/tmp/hello','w')

#open(路径+文件名,读写模式)

#读写模式:r只读,r+读写,w新建(会覆盖原有文件),a追加,b二进制文件.常用模式

如:'rb','wb','r+b'等等

f.read([size]) size未指定则返回整个文件,如果文件大小>2倍内存则有问题.f.read()读到文件尾时返回""(空字串)

file.readline() 返回一行

file.readline([size]) 返回包含size行的列表,size 未指定则返回全部行

for line in f: #交换通道

  • print line

f.write("hello\n") #如果要写入字符串以外的数据,先将他转换为字符串.

f.tell() 返回一个整数,表示当前文件指针的位置(就是到文件头的比特数).

f.seek(偏移量,[起始位置])

用来移动文件指针

偏移量:单位:比特,可正可负

起始位置:0-文件头,默认值;1-当前位置;2-文件尾

f.close() 关闭文件


pickle 序列化/保存对象/封装

pickle.dump(x,f) #把文件对象f保存到x变量中

x=pickle.load(f) #还原这个对象


try:

  • .............

except 异常类型:

#如果有多个异常类型,可以将他们放在括号()中

#如except(RuntimeError,TypeError,NameError):

  • ..............

最后一个异常名可以省略异常类型,作为通配项将所有异常pass.慎用!!!

在except后可以包含一个else

raise可以抛出异常,同时可以附带异常参数

try:

  • rasie Exception('message1','message2') #只有一个参数时也可以这样写rasie Exception,'message1'

except Exception,inst:

  • #inst是该异常类的一个实例 print inst.args #打印出参数名

    print inst #直接打印str属性 x,y=inst print 'x=',x print 'y=',y

如果抛出异常没有指定参数,则捕获异常时的参数包含的是该异常的默认信息

>>>try:

  • 1/0

Handling run-time error:integer division or modulo by zero


自定义异常:惯例是以Error结尾的类,同类的异常一般派生自同一个基类,基类异常可以匹配派生类异常

class MyError(Exception):

  • def init(self,value):

    • self.value=value

    def str(self):

    • return reper(self.value)

try:

except MyError,e:

  • print 'My exeception occurred,value',e.value

>>>

My exeception occurred,value 4


finally:和C++中类似,即使是break,continue或return后一样会执行。一般用于释放资源,如文件,网络连接。

def divide(x,y):

  • try:
    • result=x/y

    except ZeroDivisionError:

    • print "除以0"
    • else:
      • print '结果是',result
    finally:
    • print "计算完成!"


with #with可以帮助你自动释放资源

with open('myfile.txt') as f:

  • for line in f:
    • print line

#该文件会自动被释放


初识类

class ClassName:

  • "类文档,可以通过类名.doc访问"

    #类的私有变量是至少以双下划线开头,最多以单下划线结尾的类变量,调用时会变量名会被混淆成 _ClassName变量名

    i=12345 def f(self)

    • return "hello world"
  • def init(self):

    • "构造函数,可以初始化变量,可以有参数" #可以通过self调用当前类的函数和数据 self.data=[]

#创建类实例

x=ClassName()

#给类的方法重命名

xf=ClassName.f


类单继承

class DerivedClassName(BassClassName):

  • ...................................

如果基类定义在另一个模块中, 要写成

modname.BaseClassName

派生类的函数会覆盖基类的同名函数,如果想扩充而不是改写基类的函数,可以这样调用基类函数

BaseClassName.methodname(self,arguments)

注意:该基类要在当前全局域或被导入


类多继承//小心使用

class DerivedClassName:(Base1,Base2,Base3):

.................

对于一个函数的解析规则是深度优先,先是Base1,然后是Base1的基类,诸如此类.


Iterators 迭代器

for element in [1,2,3]:

  • print element

98 print element

for key in {'one':1,'two':2}:

  • print key

for line in open("my.txt"):

  • print line

在容器中定义next()逐一返回元素,并在迭代完成时抛出StopIteration异常,然后定义iter()返回self,便可以for...in循环

用Generators(生成器)可以快速定义for...in循环.

def reverse(data):

  • for index in range(len(data)-1,-1,-1):
    • yield data[index]

#yield会自动创建next()和iter(),每次调用next()时yield会进行下一步循环,并在yield处返回值


生成器表达式:类似于没有中括号的链表推导式,可用在参数中

>>>sum(i*i for i in range(10))

285

>>>xvec=[10,20,30]

>>>yvec=[7,5,3]

>>>sum(x*y for x,y in zip(xvec,yvec))

  • 260

>>>from math import pi,sin

>>>sine_table=dict((x,sin(x*pi/180) for x in range(1,91))

>>>unique_words=set(word for line in page for word in line.split())

>>>data='golf'

>>>list(data[i] for i in range(len (data)-1,-1,-1))

['f','l','o','g']


== 常用函数不完全手册

  • ==

dir(模块) #来获取模块的函数/变量列表

help(模块/函数) #获取相关的帮助


模块:os

  • 与操作系统相关的函数

例:

import os

os.getcwd() #当前脚本的工作目录

os.chidr() #改变当前工作目录


模块:shutil

  • 目录和文件管理的接口

例:

import shutil

shutil.copyfile('data.txt','archive.txt')

shutil.move('/build/a.txt','b.txt')


模块:glob

生成文件列表,支持通配符

例:

import glob

>>>glob.glob('*.py')

['primes.py','random.py','quote.py']


模块:sys

提供命令行参数,错误输出重定向和脚本终止

例:

命令行参数

如执行python demo.py one,two,three后

import sys

print sys.argv

会输出

['demo.py','one','two','three']

终止脚本

sys.exit()

错误输出重定向,可以在stdout被重定向时显示错误信息

>>>sys.stderr.write('Warning , log file not found starting a new one\n')

Warning , log file not found starting a new one


模块:re

字符正值表达式匹配

例:

import re

>>>re.findall(r'\bf[a-z]*','which foot or hand fell fastest')

['foot','fell','fastest']

>>>re.sub(r'(\b[a-z]+)\l',r'\l','cat in the hat')

'cat in the hat


模块:math

为浮点运算提供了底层C函数库的访问

例:

>>>math.cos(math.pi/4.0)

0.70710678118654757

>>>math.log(1024,2)

10.0


模块:random

生成随机数

例:

import random

>>>random.choice(['apple','pear','banana'])

'apple'

>>> random.sample(xrange(100),10) #随机值不会重复

[20,42,12,44,57,88,93,80,75,56]

>>>random.random()

0.26676389968666669

>>> random.randrange(10)

7


模块:urblib2

打开url地址

例:

for line in urllib2.urlopen('http:\\www.python.org\')

  • print line


模块:smtplib

发送电子邮件

例:

sever=smtplib.smtp('localhost')

sever.sendmail('zsp007@gmail.com','zuroc@163.com')

"""TO:zsp007@gmail.com

From:zuroc@163.com

"""

sever.quit()


模块:datetime

时间日期相关算法以及格式化输出

例:

from datetime import date

now=date.today

>>>now

datetime.date(2006, 9, 13)

>>>now.strftime("%m-%d-%y . %d %b %Y is a %A on the %d day of %B . ")

'09-13-06 . 13 Sep 2006 is a Wednesday on the 13 day of September . '

birthday=date(1986,6,30)

age=now-birthday

>>> age.days

7380


模块:zipfile / tarfile

数据打包和压缩,支持格式:zlib,gzip,bz2,zipfile和tarfile

例:

import zlib

s="which which which which"

  • t=zlib.compress(s)

>>>len(s)

23

>>>len(t)

16

>>>zlib.decompress(t)

"which which which which"

>>>zilb.crc(32)

-487390043


模块:timeit

性能测试

例:

from timeit import Timer

#Timer的第一个参数是要测试时间的语句,第二个参数是初始化

#timeit的参数是测试语句的执行次数,默认执行1000000次

>>> Timer('t=a;a=b;b=t','a=1;b=2').timeit()

0.31399409701512582

>>> Timer('a,b=b,a','a=1;b=2').timeit()

0.247945758469313663

模块:profile和pstats提供了对更大代码块的测量工具


模块:doctest

质量测试,测试代码.

他将对函数文档中的测试代码进行测试,他使文档的撰写和软件的测试融合了起来

例:

def average(values):

  • """Computer average

#注意>>> 和测试代码之间要空一格,测试结果前面不要有空格

>>> print average([10,90,53])

51.0

  • """ return sum(values,0.0)/len(values)

import doctest

doctest.testmod()


模块:unittest

可以在一个独立的文件中提供一个更全面的代码测试.

例:

import unittest

class TestStatisticalFunctions(unittest.TestCase):

  • def test_average(self):
    • self.assertEqual(average([20,30,70]),40.0) self.assertEqual(round([1,5,7]),1)

      self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError,average,[])

      self.assertRaises(TypeError,average,20,30,70)

unittest.main()


其他一些常用模块

xmlrpclib和SimpleXMLRPCServer可以在琐碎的任务中调用远程过程

email可以构建和解析复杂的消息结构,包括附件,文字编码和头协议等等

xml.dom和xml.sax

csv通用数据库中直接读写

gettext,locale,codecs国际化(i18n)支持


模块:pprint

美化打印(pretty printer)

例:

import pprint

t=[[ ['blue','cyan'] ,['green','red'],'yellow' ],'while']

>>> pprint.pprint(t,width=30)

[[['blue', 'cyan'],

  • ['green', 'red'], 'yellow'],
  • 'while']


模块:textwrap

格式化段落来适应行宽

例:

import textwrap

doc="""Object for wrapping/filling text. The public interface consists of the wrap() and fill() methods; the other methods are just there for subclasses to override in order to tweak the default behaviour. If you want to completely replace the main wrapping algorithm, you'll probably have to override _wrap_chunks()."""

>>> print textwrap.fill(doc,width=40)

Object for wrapping/filling text. The

public interface consists of the wrap()

and fill() methods; the other methods

are just there for subclasses to

override in order to tweak the default

behaviour. If you want to completely

replace the main wrapping algorithm,

you'll probably have to override

_wrap_chunks().


模块:locale

国际化

例:

import locale

locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL,'English_United States.1252')

x=1234567.8

>>>locale.format("%d",x,grouping=True)

'1,234,567'

conv=locale.localeconv()

>>> locale.format("%s%.*f",(conv['currency_symbol'],conv['frac_digits'],x),grouping=True)

'$1,234,567.80'


模块:string.template

生成句子的模版,输入"张沈鹏",生成"大家好,我的名字是张沈鹏."

例:

from string import Template

t=Template('${village}flok send $$10 to $cause')

t.substitute(village='Nottingham',cause='the ditch fund')

'Nottinghamflok send $10 to the ditch fund'

当占位符没有提供时substitute会抛出KeyError的异常

而safe_substitute可以在占位符提供不完整时保留占位符,而不抛出异常


模块:struct

用于读取二进制格式的文件

例:#H 代表unsigned short , read(2)因为unsigned short占2个bytes

#L 代表4字节的无符号整数

data=open('myfile.zip','rb').read()

start=0

for i in xrange(3):

  • start+=14 fields=struct.unpack('LLLHH',data[start:start+16]) crc32,comp_size,uncompsize,filenamesize,extra_size=fields start+=16 filename=data[start:start+filenamesize] start+=filenamesize extra=data[start:start+extra_size] print filename,hex(crc32),comp_size,uncomp_size start+=extra_size+comp_size #下一个头文件


模块:threading

线程

例:

import threading,zipfile

class AsyncZip(threading.Thread)

  • def init(self , infile , outfile):

    • self.infile=infile self.outfile=outfile
    def run(self):
    • f=zipfile.ZipFile(self.outfile , 'w' , zipfile.DEFLATED) f.write(self.infile) f.close() print 'Finished background zip of: ', self.infile

background=AsyncZip('mydata.txt','myarchive.zip')

background.start()

print 'The main program continues to run in foreground'

background.join() #Wait for the background task finish

print 'Main program waitwd until background was done .'


  • 模块:Queue 协多线程的资源调用


模块:logging

日志

例:

import logging

logging.debug('Debugging information')

logging.info('Information message')

logging.warning('Warning:coinfig file %s not found','server.conf')

logging.error('Error occurred')

logging.critical('Critical error -- shutting down')

输出:

WARNING:root:Warning:config file server.conf not found

ERROR:root:Error occurred

CRITICAL:root:Critical error -- shutting down


模块:wearef

不创建引用来跟踪对象

例:

>>>import weakref,gc

>>>class A :

...def init (self,value):

... self.value=value

...def repr(self):

... return str(self.value)

...

>>>a=A(10) #create a reference

>>>d=weakref.WeakValueDictionary()

>>>d[’primary’]=a #does not create a reference

>>>d[’primary’] #fetch the object if it is still alive

10

>>>del a #remove the one reference

>>>gc.collect() #run garbage collection right away

0

>>>d[’primary’] #entry was automatically removed

Traceback(mostrecentcalllast):

File "<pyshell#108>",line1,in-toplevel-

d[’primary’] #entry was automatically removed

File "C:/PY24/lib/weakref.py" , line46 , in getitem

o = self.data[key]()

KeyError:’primary’


  • 模块:array 类似链表的对象,比默认的链表更紧凑,仅用来存储数据 例: from array import array

#存储双字节无符号整数,编码类型为H a=array('H',[4000,10,700,22222])

>>> sum(a)

26932

>>>a[1:3]

array('H',[10,700])


模块:collections

提供了类似链表的deque对象,它从左边添加(append)和弹出(pop)更快,但在内部查询更慢.适用于队列的实现和广度优先树的搜索

例:

from collection import deque

d=deque["task1","task2","task3"]

d.append("task4")

>>>print "Handling",d.popleft()

Handling task1

unsearched=deque([start_nodel])

def breadth_first_search(unsearched):

  • node=unsearch.popleaf() for m in gen_moves(node):
    • if is_goal(m):
      • return m
      unsearched.append(m)


模块:bisect

操作存储链表

例:

import bisect

scores=[(100,'perl'),(200,'tcl'),(400,'lua'),(500,'python')]

bisect.insort(scores,(300,'ruby'))

>>>scores

[(100, 'perl'), (200, 'tcl'), (300, 'ruby'), (400, 'lua'), (500, 'python')]


模块:heapq

提供基于正常链表的堆实现,最小总是第一个元素(0点),对希望循环访问最小元素但不想执行完整堆排列非常有用

例:

from heapq import heapify,heappop,heappush

data=[1,3,5,6,7,8,9,65,0]

heapify(data)

heappush(data,-5)

[heappop(data) for i in range(3) ]

>>> [heappop(data) for i in range(3) ]

[-5, 0, 1]


  • 模块:decimal

提供了一个Decimal数据类型,用于浮点数高精度的计算,高精度使Decimal可以执行二进制浮点数无法进行的模运算和等值测试

例:

from decimal import *

>>>Decimal('0.70')*Decimal('1.05'))

0.7350

>>> .70*1.05

0.73499999999999999

>>>sum([Decimal('0.1')*10==Decimal('1.0')])

True

>>>sum([0.1*10])==1.0

False

>>>Decimal('1.00')%Decimal('.10')

Decimal("0.00")

>>> 1.00%0.10

0.09999999999999995

getcontext().prec=36

>>>print Decimal(1)/Decimal(7)

0.142857142857142857142857142857142857


2. 反馈

PyAbsolutelyZipManual (last edited 2009-12-25 07:09:10 by localhost)